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1115  Tremont  Building, 

-BOSTON,  MASS.    , 


ORATION 


The  American  Race 

ITS    ORIGIN,    THE    FUSION    OF    PEOPLES;    ITS    AIM, 
FRATERNITY 


BY 


TIMOTHY    WILFRED    COAKLEY 


DELIVERED  BEFORE  THE  CITY  GOVERNMENT  AND  CITIZENS  OF  BOSTON 

IN    FANEUIL   HALL,  ON   THE   ONE   HUNDRED   AND   THIRTIETH 

ANNIVERSARY  OF  THE  DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE 

OF  THESE  UNITED  STATES,  JULY  4,  1906 


BOSTON 

MUNICIPAL    PRINTING    OFFICE 
1906 


THE    AMERICAN    RACE 

Its  Origin,  the  Fusion  of  Peoples ;  Its  Aim,  Fraternity 


FOURTH  OF  July  Oration,   1906 


By  Timothy  Wilfred  Coakley 


Men  and  Women  of  Boston  : 

The  keynote  of  our  jubilee  is  the  intonation  of  a 
prayer.*  By  that  token  we  invite  the  co-operation 
of  Divine  Grace  to  guide  and  further  the  purposes 
of  patriotism.  Our  prayer  is  the  avowal  that  national 
morality,  like  individual  morality,  is  necessarily 
founded  on  religious  belief.  It  is  the  sign  of  our 
assent  to  faith  as  the  active  principle  of  good  works. 
By  it,  here  at  the  altar-place  where  the  patriots  of 
old  offered  sacrifice  to  country  and  invoked  their 
God,  we  record  our  perennial  protest  against  the 
philosophy  of  doubt  and  denial,  the  ethics  of  disen- 
chantment and  despair,  we  make  formal  proclamation 
that  all  authority  comes  from  the  Most  High,  that 
human  society  is  bosomed  in  the  Infinite  Fatherhood 
from  which  proceeds  the  all-brotherhood  of  man. 

*  Eev.  L.  B.  Bates  offered  prayer.    Master  W.  A.  Corley  read  the  Declaration. 


4  FOURTH  OF    JULY   ORATION. 

Seemly  and  inspiring,  too,  is  the  accustomed  choice 
of  a  patriot  boy  to  quicken  with  the  eager  breath  of 
youth  the  Declaration  which  is  humanity's  psalm  of 
freedom.  Youth,  divine,  contagious,  all-transfiguring 
youth !  From  Thee  we  have  received  all  the  good 
gifts  of  time.  Thou  art  the  symbol  and  the  savior 
of  the  nation.  To  Youth  we  owe  the  fire  and 
fortitude,  the  brain  and  brawn  and  blood  which 
made  us  free.  In  the  deadly,  foremost  files  of  many 
a  patriot  battle  line,  from  Bunker  Hill  to  Yorktown, 
from  Gettysburg  to  Santiago,  Youth,  sacrificial,  self- 
forgetting,  surrendered  its  inheritance  of  life  to  save 
for  us,  intact  and  undiminished,  our  legacy  of  liberty. 
All  honor  to  Youth !  Cherish,  revere,  protect  and 
guide  it!  For  it  is  the  fountain  undefiled  from 
which    the    nation    quaffs    the    very    waters    of    life. 

We  are  met  to  commemorate  the  birth  of  American 
institutions,  to  celebrate  our  political  freedom,  to  glory 
in  American  achievement ;  aye,  to  cheer,  frankly  and 
fondly,  for  our  country  and  its  radiant  emblem,  the 
dawn-flag  of  sun-ray  and  sky-tint  and  stars.  But  with 
the  ecstasy  of  exultation  we  mingle  the  measure  of 
reflection,  the  method  of  research.  Like  the  Romans 
of  old,  we  take  counsel  together  lest  any  harm  should 
come  to  the  Republic.  We  ransack  the  past  for 
social  meanings.  We  analyze  the  present.  We  cross- 
examine  events.  If  much  diligence  and  a  mighty 
yearning  could  win  for  us  the  wisdom  to  foreglimpse,' 
howsoever  dimly,  the  future,  happy  indeed  were  we ; 


FOURTH   OF   JULY   ORATION.  5 

for  no  man  better  serves  his  fellows  than  he  who,  in 
the  frenzy  of  prophecy,  rouses  his  day  and  genera- 
tion that  it  may  prepare  itself  betimes  against 
to-morrow's  surprising  dawn. 

The  lofty  dignity  and  duty  of  drawing  the  lesson 
and  pointing  the  moral  of  this  day  is  my  assignment, 
my  privilege.  Let  me  hope,  Reverend  Sir,  that  I 
have  caught  in  some  degree  the  devotional  spirit 
with  which  these  exercises  were  begun.  Let  me  hope, 
young  friend,  that  a  spark  of  your  sacred,  boyish  fire, 
has  kindled  my  thought.  Let  me  hope  that  there 
has  passed  into  my  pulses  something  of  the  moral 
voltage  generated  by  the  mere  presence  of  that 
dynamo  of  civic  energy,  our  honored  Mayor.  My 
words,  stimulated  by  such  influences,  breathed  into 
an  atmosphere  surcharged  and  vibrant  still  with  the 
rebel  memories  of  the  Boston  of  '76,  with  the  death- 
less eloquence  of  the  unforgettable,  heroic  dead,  may 
prove,  perchance,  not  altogether  unworthy  of  this 
occasion,  of  this  gracious  audience,  of  the  patriot 
prospectors  of  the  past  who  sought  and  found  the 
traditional  treasure-trove  of  liberty  here  on  the 
hallowed  site  of  Faneuil  Hall. 

FUSION    AND    FRATERNITY. 

By  a  certain  pseudo-scholarship  it  is  held  to  be 
old-fashioned  and  flamboyant  to  dwell  upon  the  pre- 
eminence and  superiority  of  these  United  States. 
Yet  shall    I    insist    upon    our    nation's    paramountcy. 


6  FOURTH   OF    JULY  ORATION. 

My  claim  of  leadership  for  my  country  rests  upon 
the  fact  that  we  have  developed  here  in  America 
a  race  which  is  the  finest  expression,  —  the  sum 
and  flower  of  humanity.  We  are  no  fortuitous 
grouping  of  sundry,  diverse  nationalities.  We  are 
a  well-differentiated,  new,  coherent,  distinctive  type. 
We  are  the  American  race,  forged  and  founded  in 
the  fusion  of  peoples.  Out  of  that  fusion  came  natur- 
ally the  fraternity  on  which  we  have  confidently 
based  and  built  the  structure  of  our  political  life. 
We  are  destined  to  mould  our  economic  life  on  no 
meaner  pattern.  We  propose  to  ourselves  no  less  an 
ideal  than  the  political  and  industrial  brotherhood  of 
the  peoples  of  the  world.  Because  of  the  progress 
which  America  has  made  toward  that  universal 
brotherhood,  I  assert  that  she  stands  forth,  indeed, 
the  chosen  and  pre-ordained  pathfinder  among  the 
states  of  the  earth.  I  declare  that  the  seeds  of 
death  are  not  in  her;  that  she  shall  endure,  un- 
scathed by  the  ruin  which  has  overwhelmed  the 
kingdoms  and  empires  of  the  past.  I  proudly  pro- 
claim to  you  that  her  institutions  in  their  essential 
beneficence  shall  not  perish  ;  more,  that  she  is  called 
and  sent  of  God  to  be  the  shepherd  of  the  peoples, 
whom,  nation  by  nation,  in  God's  good  time,  she 
shall  gather  into  one  fraternal  fold.  Bear  with  me 
while  I  lay  before  you  the  reasons  which  compel  me 
to  the  exultant  faith  that  is  mine. 

Democracy  has  been  called  the  rule  of  the  people. 


FOURTH   OF    JULY  ORATION.  7 

But  this  definition  is  merely  derivative.  It  is  born 
of  the  letter  that  killeth,  not  of  the  spirit  that  giveth 
life,  for  the  spirit  of  democracy  is  helpfulness  and 
service,  not  control.  Democracy  is  the  organized 
expression  of  the  instinct  of  unselfishness,  of  brother- 
hood, of  altruism,  of  inclusiveness  as  against  exclu- 
siveness,  of  fusion  and  fraternity  as  opposed  to 
sectarianism  and  factionalism.  Its  aspects  are  as 
various  as  the  activities  of  the  vital  principle  itself. 
Always  it  stands  for  life  and  growth,  while  caste 
spells  decay  and  death.  Democracy  is  an  emanation 
of  the  eternal  Godhead.  It  affects  all  forms  of  life. 
The  cross-breeding  of  plants  which  develops  a  higher 
type  is  its  humblest  manifestation.  The  fusion  of 
peoples,  which  makes  inevitably  for  the  improvement 
of  man,  is  democracy  in  racial  action.  The  process 
of  suggestion  and  comparison,  by  which  intelligence 
is  raised  and  genius  evolved,  through  the  association 
of  contrasted  types,  is  stimulated  by  democratic  con- 
ditions. In  its  religious  aspect,  democracy  teaches 
the  devotee  that  he  should  labor  to  save  not  alone 
his  own  soul,  but  the  souls  of  all  mankind.  ''  Thou 
shalt  love  thy  neighbor  as  thyself."  In  those  blessed 
words  the  philosophy  of  democracy  is  all  contained. 
Politically,  democracy  is  the  denial  to  caste  of  the 
monopoly  of  government.  It  insists  that  the  ad- 
ministration of  the  commonwealth  is  the  common 
prerogative  of  the  people.  Economically,  democracy 
means    that    creative   labor   is   entitled   to    enjoy  the 


8  FOURTH  OF   JULY   ORATION. 

full  value  of  the  product  it  creates  and  that  the 
production  and  exchange  of  wealth  shall  be  ordered 
in  accordance  with  the  Golden  Rule  of  Christ;  that 
none  shall  take  advantage  of  his  brother-man,  and 
that  where  custom  or  law  now  gives  to  commercial 
cunning  license  and  leverage  to  strip  simplicity  of 
the  wealth  it  has  produced,  that  custom,  that  law, 
shall  be  modified  till  it  conform  with  the  law  of 
God.  Forever  and  always,  democracy's  essence  is 
that  love  of  one's  fellow  in  which  all  earthly  right- 
eousness is  founded.  Let  us  defer,  for  the  moment, 
the  topic  of  democracy  in  its  economic  phase  while 
we  consider  racially,  politically,  religiously,  American 
amalgamation. 

THE   CURSE   OF   CASTE. 

I  believe  that  national  success  and  national  failure 
are  more  intimately  related  to  the  problem  of  race 
than  our  historians  have  disclosed.  The  family 
is  the  social  unit.  Upon  it  depends  the  continuity 
of  human  life.  All  that  makes  for  the  strength- 
ening of  it  makes  for  the  welfare  of  the  nation 
and  of  humanity.  If  we  can  learn  the  secret  of  race, 
if  we  can  divine  those  elements  and  conditions  which 
improve  the  physique  and  the  intelligence,  whether 
through  blood  or  association,  we  shall  have  found  the 
key  to  the  cause  of  the  rise  and  fall  of  nations. 
I  contend  that  this  key  is  the  principle  of  democracy 
in     its     racial     aspect.     The     antique     world     never 


FOUETH   OF    JULY   ORATION.  9 

learned  the  physical  law  which  governs  racial  perfec- 
tion in  humanity,  as  it  never  learned  the  grace  of 
altruism,  which  is  the  spiritual  counsel  of  perfection. 
Strange  it  is  that  our  ancestors,  the  breeders  of  flocks 
and  kine,  the  horse-taming  Aryan,  the  pioneer  Kelt, 
the  cow-keeping  Greek,  the  shepherd  Jew,  should  have 
failed  to  discover  that  the  principle  of  crossing  the 
strain,  which  they  applied  so  well  to  their  nomadic 
industry,  was  equally  applicable  to  the  breeding  of 
heroes,  to  the  nurture  and  growth  of  men. 

The  harmonies  of  tented  Zion,  awesome  and  reso- 
nant as  the  diapason  of  the  desert  sand-storm,  are 
throbbing  still  in  the  Psalms  of  David.  The  thun- 
ders of  Jehovah  awaken  yet  their  echoes  in  the  souls 
of  men.  Still  the  lightnings  of  Sinai  reveal  to  our 
spiritual  vision  the  graven  wisdom  of  the  Mosaic  law. 
The  majesty  of  the  Hebrew  genius,  the  many-sided 
development  of  the  olden  Jew,  warrior,  poet,  musi- 
cian, statesman,  priest  —  these  were  the  very  flower  of 
fusion,  the  natural  result  of  the  blending  of  the  Ten 
Tribes  of  Israel.  And  when  the  nation  had  crystal- 
ized,  when  the  walls  of  exclusion  had  been  builded 
high  against  the  Gentile,  when  the  race  had  be- 
come absolutely  homogeneous,  when  the  stranger 
within  the  gates  was  anathema,  when  the  Hebrew 
attitude  was  typified  by  the  proverb,  "  No  good  can 
come  out  of  Nazareth,"  the  deterioration  of  the 
Jew  was  already  under  way.  Not  until,  scattered 
over   the   face   of    the    earth,  the   race  was  refreshed 


10  FOURTH   OF    JULY   OR  ACTION. 

with  the  new  vigor  that  came  from  transplantation, 
from  the  splitting  of  the  parent  stock  into  diverse 
clans,  through  the  influence  of  travel  and  contrasting 
environments,  and  from  consequent  tribal  intermar- 
riage, was  the  brilliant  mind  of  the  modern  Jew 
evolved. 

Inertia,  stagnation,  exclusion,  repression,  contrac- 
tion, these  mean  for  humanity  an  isolation  which, 
howsoever  splendid,  is  but  the  isolation  of  the  tomb. 
The  fate  which  overtook  Assyria,  Babylon  and 
Egypt,  the  fate  of  Greece  and  Rome,  the  life-in-death 
which  is  the  portion  of  India  and  China,  will  yet  be 
summed  up  by  the  historian  as  the  sequence  of  an 
organic,  racial  selfishness,  of  national  submission  to 
the  curse  of  Caste.  In  its  lowest  form,  caste  is  ex- 
emplified by  the  taboo  and  boycott  of  the  savage  tribes- 
man. But  the  malignant  influence  of  it  is  found  in 
every  nation  where  class  is  set  off  from  class,  where 
men  and  brethren  are  arrayed  into  hostile  camps 
by  racial,  religious,  political  or  industrial  divi- 
sions which  teach  or  permit  the  exploitation, 
through  selfishness,  of  man  by  his  brother  man. 
This  curse  of  caste  has  been  with  us  from 
the  beginning.  It  blighted  the  soul  and  branded 
the  brow  of  Cain  when  he  flaunted  defiance  to  his 
Maker  and  excused  the  murder  of  Abel  with  the 
blasphemy,  ''Am  I  my  brother's  keeper?"  All 
forms  of  caste  are  born  of  the  selfishness  which  de- 
nies the  keepership  of  brother  by  brother,  of  man  by 


FOURTH   OF   JULY   ORATION".  11 

his  fellow-man.  At  last  came  a  time  when  there 
walked  One  on  earth  who  "  spake  as  man  never 
spake  before."  He  brought  to  mankind  the  message 
that  not  in  caste,  not  in  tribal  or  clannish  distinc- 
tions, not  in  the  scorn  of  one's  fellows,  not  in  the 
decrees  founded  on  racial  hatreds  or  the  arrogance 
of  ecclesiastical  faction  is  the  Kingdom  of  God  to 
be  found,  but  in  service  to  humanity.  The  parable 
of  the  publican,  with  its  arraignment  of  the  Pharisee 
who  thanked  God  that  he  was  not  as  other  men,  is 
an  indictment  of  caste  such  as  was  never  drawn  by 
historian  or  philosopher  throughout  the  ages.  The 
shining  gospel  of  peace  and  good  will  to  men  was 
the  first  formal  promulgation  of  the  principle  of 
democracy,  and  for  nineteen  hundred  years  the  world 
has  been  working  upward  through  the  night,  pro- 
gressing haltingly,  painfully,  yet  surely,  responsive 
to  the  leading  of  that  Kindly  Light. 

DAYBREAK  OF  DEMOCRACY, 

The  rise  and  fall  of  the  mediaeval  kingdoms  will 
reinforce  for  us  the  lessons  of  antiquity.  The  decay 
of  the  olden  empires  was  followed  by  an  epoch  dur- 
ing which  the  vigorous,  young  peoples  from  the 
Hungarian  and  Gothic  forests  and  the  steppes  of  the 
Volga  and  the  Don,  blending  with  the  Greek  and 
Roman  populations  which  they  had  overthrown, 
modeled,  through  fusion,  a  new  race  which  was 
to  possess  the  soil  of  Europe.    True,  the  nations  built 


12  FOURTH  OF  JULY  ORATION. 

upon  it  were  destined  to  harden  into  the  mould  of 
caste,  but  the  mould  had  lost  much  of  its  rigidity. 
Racial  prejudice  and  national  antipathy  were  still 
in  some  measure  the  order  of  the  day,  but  the 
instinct  of  democracy  was  abroad,  like  the  Spirit  of 
God  on  the  face  of  the  waters,  and  its  brooding 
would  yet  fructify  the  mediseval  mass  into  spiritual 
life  and  order.  A  new  force  had  come  into  the 
world,  a  force  which  is  recognized  in  all  the  art  and 
all  the  literatures  of  the  feudal  era.  It  speaks  in 
the  frescos  of  Michael  Angelo  and  in  the  poetry 
of  Dante.  Both  are  informed  with  a  nobler  purpose 
than  ever  guided  the  chisel  of  Praxitiles  or  the  pen 
of  Plato.  It  exhales  from  the  pages  of  Augustin 
and  Aquinas.  It  transfigured  with  angelic  mean- 
ings the  lives  of  Francis  de  Sales,  of  Loyola  and 
Xavier.  This  new  force  has  many  names,  but  it 
is  one,  as  God  is  one.  It  has  been  called  fra- 
ternity; it  has  been  called  sentiment;  it  has  been 
called  altruism.  Perhaps  its  best  name  is  sympathy, 
because  sympathy  means  the  bond  by  which  those 
who  suffer  in  common  the  ills  of  the  flesh  are 
united  into  fellowship  with  God.  Europe  had 
accepted  the  new  dispensation  which  Asia  had 
rejected.  She  still  dragged  the  chains  of  caste,  but 
those  chains,  marred  and  broken  by  the  mallet  which 
nailed  a  Christ  to  the  cross  of  Calvary,  could  only 
retard,  not  confine,  the  progress  of  humanity.  There 
was  movement  throughout  the  continent ;    there  was 


FOURTH  OF  JULY  ORATION.  13 

fusion  of  blood,  comparison  of  custom,  criticism 
of  self;  and  the  Christian  Church,  which  had  set 
the  example  of  democracy  in  its  own  ecclesiastical 
constitution,  was  at  work,  leavening  racial  prejudice, 
teaching  the  Spaniard  to  regard  the  Italian  as  his 
brother,  the  Englishman  to  know  the  Frenchman 
for  his  fellow-man.  Before  the  Christian  era,  in 
all  the  history  of  mankind,  there  was  never  a  relig- 
ious institution  which  was  not  hemmed  about  by  the 
fence  of  racial  caste.  Born  of  the  democratic  Church, 
which  saved  for  posterity  and  distributed  to  its 
contemporaries  the  literature  and  learning  of  Pagan 
Greece  and  Rome,  there  issued  the  institution  of 
chivalry.  The  "  Dark  Ages "  were,  in  truth,  the  age 
of  nascent  light,  the  daybreak  of  democracy.  Out 
of  their  fostering  bosom  came  the  noblest  ideals  we 
cherish  to-day.  The  object  of  chivalry  was  to  suc- 
cor the  weak,  to  champion  the  oppressed,  to  cherish 
the  grace  and  shelter  the  defencelessness  of  woman, 
to  organize  the  sentiment  of  humanity.  In  the 
furtherance  of  these  ideals,  the  consecrated  knights 
of  many  hostile  nations  and  diverse  races  were 
knit  together  in  a  companionship  of  virtue  and 
valor.  The  sympathetic  Don  Quixote  of  Cervantes 
is  a  monument  to  the  beauty  of  the  knightly  aspira- 
tion. The  noble  and  humane  genius  of  the  satirist 
became  enamored  of  idealism  as  he  wrote,  and  the 
realist  "  who  came  to  scoff,  remained  to  pray  "  by  the 
side  of  chivalry's  grave. 


14  FOURTH  OF  JULY  ORATION. 

THE  CRUSADE  OF  COLUMBUS. 

And  then  came  Columbus.  How  prophetic  of  the 
future  bound  up  in  his  apostolic  personality  was  the 
man  himself.  He  was  the  product  of  the  blended 
strains,  mental  and  physical,  of  all  the  ages.  He 
inherited  the  spiritual  vision  of  the  Kelt  and  the 
constructive  imagination  which  captained  the  Koman 
legions.  A  peasant's  son,  he  was  all  compact  of 
the  kaleidoscopic  life-elements  that  were  fused 
in  the  Mediterranean  crucible  of  the  races.  The 
mystic  soul  of  the  East  had  breathed  upon  him. 
The  world-old  legends  of  Sidon  and  of  Tyre,  the 
Corsair  tales  of  the  sea-going  Algerians,  he  had  learned 
as  a  boy  from  the  skippers  of  the  Genoese  feluccas. 
The  Gothic  lust  for  the  marvellous  companioned  the 
Roman  in  his  blood.  Beyond  the  farthest  horizon,  he 
sensed  a  horizon  farther  still.  Here,  to  him,  was 
but  the  highway  to  hereafter.  He  sought  the  dis- 
covery of  no  material  world.  He  was  a  seeker  after 
the  Kingdom  of  Life.  His  one  ambition  was  to  unite 
humanity  in  the  universal  brotherhood  of  a  mutual  for- 
bearance born  of  a  common  fate.  He  had  conceived 
the  sublime  project  of  succeeding  where  the  cru- 
saders had  failed,  in  redeeming  from  the  domination 
of  the  infidel  the  sepulchre  of  Christ.  For  its 
accomplishment  he  needed  the  wealth  of  the  Indies 
to  equip  the  armies  of  Europe ;  and  it  was  on  this 
quest    that    he     set    sail    from    Palos.     Great-souled 


FOURTH  OF  JULY  ORATION.  15 

dreamer  that  he  was,  shall  it  be  said  that  the  end 
of  his  enterprise  was  failure  ?  Or  is  it  not  wiser  to 
believe  that  his  quest  is  not  ended  yet?  The 
idealist,  the  re-shaper,  the  man  who  dreams  and 
dares,  never  fails,  for  humanity  never  loses  the  impulse 
which  it  receives  from  such  as  he.  It  is  happiness 
that  Columbus  sails  out  in  the  West  to  seek.  But 
it  is  a  new  and  sublimated  conception  of  happiness ; 
not  selfish  contentment,  but  the  well-being  of  the 
many.  In  his  yearning  we  recognize  the  struggle 
to  attain  democracy,  to  quicken  and  vivify  the  faith 
in  God  and  man  whereby  the  world  must  live. 

Christofero  Colombo,  Christ-bearer  and  dove !  the 
ascetic  monk  of  Rabida !  Isabella,  who  strips  herself 
of  her  royal  jewels  to  equip  the  sailor's  ships! 
Father  Las  Casas !  the  cross  planted  on  San  Salva- 
dor !  the  Sepulchre  of  Christ !  What  mystical  sym- 
bols are  these,  eloquent  of  what  divine,  far-reaching 
purpose  ?  For  this  Christ-bearer  is  the  forerunner  of 
a  new  order  which  shall  unhand  the  people  from  the 
usurpation  of  caste  and  shall  free  religion  from  the 
alternating  oppressions  and  patronizings  of  monarchy. 
Humanity  is  on  the  threshold  of  the  grandest  experi- 
ment in  the  moulding  of  racial  types  and  social  insti- 
tutions the  world  has  ever  seen.  The  Spanish  strain, 
itself,  blended  of  Goth  and  Roman,  Iberian,  Moor 
and  Basque,  held  in  its  composition  all  the  elements 
which  go  to  the  development  of  a  great  race,  and 
Spain  was  on  the  eve  of  her  golden  age.     France  had 


16  FOURTH  OF  JULY  ORATION. 

grafted  her  various  peoples  upon  the  ancient  Gaelic, 
or  Keltic,  stock,  and  had  developed  a  brilliant 
and  distinctive  national  type.  England  had  merged 
her  basic  strain  of  the  Keltic-Briton  with  the 
successive  tides  of  Roman,  Anglo-Saxon,  Scandi- 
navian and  French-Norman  blood.  The  product  was 
a  new  and  virile  race.  And  now  that  the  formative 
period  of  these  great  European  nations  had  passed, 
what  hope  was  there  for  the  ideals  of  Nazareth  ? 
What  prospect  of  the  universal  brotherhood  of  man  ? 
Would  the  peoples  learn  at  last  that  exclusiveness 
and  isolation  mean  extinction,  and  that  the  kinship 
of  humanity  has  its  basis  in  physical  and  psycho- 
logical fact  as  well  as  in  spiritual  philosophy  ?  Alas  ! 
the  new  nations  of  Europe  were  split  into  hopeless, 
factional  quarrels  and  racial  jealousies,  even  as  their 
sisters  of  the  olden  day.  But  wait !  America  will 
yet  solve  the  problem  of  peaceful  fusion  and 
tolerance. 

THE  FORGING  OF  THE  AMERICAN  RACE. 

We  have  solved  it.  We  have  built  a  permanent 
and  successful  nation.  We  have  founded  here  a 
"lasting  city."  We  have  done  more.  We  have 
evolved  the  race  of  races,  the  American  race.  We 
are  sprung  from  all  the  peo2oles  of  Europe.  Mentally 
and  physically,  all  were  fused  upon  the  soil  of  the 
New  World,  not  yesterday,  or  the  day  before,  but 
for  three  hundred    years    prior    to    the    Independence 


FOURTH  OF  JULY  ORATION.  17 

we  celebrate.  Ours  is  no  narrow  inheritance.  Our 
pedigree  is  as  long  as  history,  as  wide  as  humanity; 
our  fatherland  is  mankind.  We  Americans  have 
learned  that  the  finest  family  pride  lies  in  loyalty  to 
the  unborn.  Our  generation  has  been  enriched  by 
many  noble  strains,  and  we,  in  turn,  shall  endow 
posterity  with  the  best  blood  and  the  best  tradi- 
tions of  to-day.  Ancestries  are  good  things,  and  we 
cannot  have  too  many  of  them.  America  has 
them  all. 

Let  us  glance  for  a  moment  at  the  elements  which, 
upon  American  soil,  had  found  footing  and  develop- 
ment during  the  three  centuries  prior  to  the 
Declaration  of  Independence.  The  Spanish,  French 
and  English  divided  up  the  Atlantic  Coast;  Florida, 
Louisiana,  and  what  was  known  as  California  were 
Spanish.  The  heroic  French  Jesuits,  Marquette  and 
Joliet,  the  discoverers  of  the  Mississippi,  La  Salle  and 
his  successors  on  the  French  frontier,  led  the  way 
into  the  wilderness  of  the  great  West.  St.  Augus- 
tine, Florida,  was  founded  by  the  Spanish  in  1565. 
Walter  Raleigh's  English  settlement  in  Virginia,  es- 
tablished in  1607,  was  still  a  weakling  when  thirty 
families  of  Dutchmen  from  Holland  settled  New  York. 
In  1620  came  the  Puritan  Pilgrims  to  Plymouth.  A 
Swedish  colony  was  established  at  New  Castle,  Dela- 
ware, in  1638.  The  martyr  Jesuit,  Father  Jogues, 
reports  that  he  found  eighteen  languages  spoken  in  the 
streets  of  New  York  as  early  as  1643.     In  1690,  thir- 


18  FOURTH  OF  JULY  OEATION. 

teen  thousand  German  Lutherans  tented  in  the  London 
suburbs  until  they  could  be  passed  on  to  America. 
Hordes  of  emigrants  from  all  the  principalities  of 
Germany,  including  Alsace  and  Switzerland,  fol- 
lowed at  the  rate  of  12,000  a  year.  One  hundred 
thousand  Frenchmen  and  descendants  of  Frenchmen 
were  scattered  from  the  St.  Lawrence  to  New  Orleans 
a  quarter  of  a  century  before  the  Eevolution,  not  to 
speak  of  the  large  number  of  French  Huguenots  who 
were  distributed  through  the  original  thirteen  colonies. 
Emigrants  from  the  north  of  Ireland  in  great  num- 
bers settled  in  New  Hampshire  and  in  southwestern 
Pennsylvania  ;  they  were  the  original  pioneers  in  West 
Virginia  and  the  Carolinas.  Shiploads  of  Irishmen 
were  exiled  to  Bermuda  and  to  Virginia  in  the  very 
earliest  of  the  Colonial  days.  Another  Gaelic  strain 
was  the  Welsh,  of  which  stock  seventeen  signers  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence  came.  Scotchmen  were 
scattered  throughout  the  English  colonies  ;  and  to  com- 
plete the  catalogue,  Portuguese  Jews  had  their  settle- 
ment at  Newport,  Rhode  Island,  and  were  in  time 
merged  in  the  surrounding  populations.  It  is  a  curious 
and  instructive  labor  to  burrow  in  the  olden  records 
where  we  find  that  the  intermarriage  of  the  peoples 
began  almost  with  the  inception  of  colonization. 

It  must  be  remembered,  too,  that  these  represen- 
tatives of  the  various  European  races  were  picked 
men.  The  emigrant  is  always  a  picked  man.  He  has 
the   imagination   to  dream  of   a  better   environment, 


FOUKTH  OF  JULY  ORATION.  19 

the  daring  to  forsake  the  haven  of  home.  The 
strongest  bird  is  the  first  to  leave  the  nest.  These 
early  pioneers  were  dreamers  and  idealists ;  they 
were  the  best  that  Europe  had  to  give,  because  they 
were  brave  and  adventurous,  unspoiled  by  luxury, 
simple,  sincere.  And  they  were  pure,  because  they 
were  so  recent  from  the  soil. 

It  is  not  surprising,  then,  to  find  that,  after  nearly 
three  centuries  of  the  physical  blending  and  the 
mental  development  due  to  the  reciprocal  influence 
of  type  on  type,  there  was  existing,  here  in  the  thir- 
teen colonies,  a  bond  of  human  brotherhood  which  was 
to  furnish  the  very  fibre  and  vital  warp  and  woof 
of  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 

The  old  world  prejudices  and  feuds  could  not  avail 
against  this  sympathetic  understanding  between  the 
colonists.  The  very  motto  of  the  national  seal, 
E  Plurihus  Unum,  symbolized  this  sentiment,  this 
catholic  atmosphere,  this  racial  unity.  It  was  not 
alone  that  one  nation  was  to  be  framed  from  thirteen 
colonies,  it  was  that  Frenchmen  and  Englishmen, 
Irishmen,  Welshmen,  Spaniards,  Swedes,  Dutchmen, 
Jew  and  Gentile,  had  been  welded  into  one.  It  was 
this  blend,  now  of  mind,  now  of  body,  now  of  both, 
which  made  possible  the  type  of  intelligence  able  to 
grasp  the  opportunity  and  to  brave  the  test  of  revo- 
lution. 

The  Declaration  of  Independence  was  feasible  be- 
cause  we   had   developed   here   in   America,   through 


20  FOUETH  OF  JULY  ORATION. 

racial  and  social  fusion,  a  type  of  mind  like  that  of 
Jefferson,  of  Hamilton,  of  Patrick  Henry,  of  Hancock, 
of  Quincy,  of  Sam  Adams,  of  Carroll  of  Carrollton; 
because,  through  racial  fraternity,  we  had  developed  a 
social  intelligence  capable  of  merging  all  prejudice  in 
the  passion  for  truth,  capable  of  welcoming  and  weed- 
ing the  philosophy  of  the  most  advanced  thinkers  of 
all  the  races  of  Europe,  and  because  we  had  inherited 
the  ideal  and  world-fashioning  faith  which  rushes  into 
the  void  to  face  an  untried  terror,  even  as  Ericson,  the 
Norseman,  Brendan,  the  Gael,  and  the  Italian  Colum- 
bus, with  his  heroic  Spaniards,  had  challenged  the 
universe. 

THE  ANGLO-SAXON  MYTH, 

So  let  us  never  forget  that,  before  embodiment  in 
word,  the  Declaration  we  celebrate  to-day  was  preceded 
by  the  racial  spirit  which  begot  it,  as  thought  goes  be- 
fore expression,  as  substance  antedates  form.  Ameri- 
can liberty  did  not  come  first;  it  came  last.  It 
was  preceded  by  the  American  race.  Let  me  repeat. 
That  race  was  the  product  of  the  blending  through  three 
hundred  years  upon  American  soil  of  the  blood  and  the 
ideals  of  Spain,  of  France,  of  England,  of  Germany,  of 
Scandinavia,  of  Holland,  of  Ireland.  Let  your  measure 
of  Americanism  be  unstinted ;  let  it  be  no  less  broad 
than  the  bounds  which  history  in  its  final  analysis  will 
impose  as  the  deliberate  judgment  of  posterity.  Let  no 
man    confine    your   patriotism    or   your   joy    in    your 


FOURTH  OF  JULT  ORATION.  21 

country's  greatness  by  any  sectarian  or  sectional  or 
racial  or  religious  tradition.  Do  not  be  misled  by 
error,  even  though  the  error  be  embalmed  in  the 
text-books  of  the  schools,  nor  yet  by  the  accepted 
myths  of  press  or  platform ;  and  if  I  call  your  atten- 
tion to  the  chief  of  these,  believe  me  it  is  with  no 
invidious  purpose,  but  because  I  recognize  in  the 
propagation  of  error  a  menace  to  the  youth  of  the 
land.  Beware  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  legend.  It  is 
not  only  an  affront  to  historical  truth,  but  it 
sows  the  seed  of  racial  disunion.  It  revives  the 
European  regime  of  national  antipathies.  It  is  one 
of  the  myriad  microbes  of  caste.  I  recall  dimly,  as 
one  of  the  half-obliterated  memories  of  my  schoolboy 
days,  the  mental  anguish  which  I  experienced  through 
gathering  from  my  grammar-school  history  the  dis- 
tressing fact  that  everything  that  was  good  and 
noble,  pure  and  just,  —  that  all  the  ideals  upon 
which  the  American  nation  was  founded,  that  all  the 
patriots  of  the  Revolution,  that  law  and  order,  lib- 
erty, decency  and  virtue,  were  Anglo-Saxon  in  their 
origin.  I  remember  trudging  home  to  my  American 
fireside  and  learning  from  my  emigrant  father  that 
I  was  not  of  Anglo-Saxon  descent.  In  fancy,  the 
pain  of  that  moment  is  with  me  still ;  and  against 
it  I  must  set  the  salve  of  President  Roosevelt's 
statement  to  the  Boston  Press  Club,  when  he  said : 
"  Your  papers  call  me  an  Anglo-Saxon.  I  never 
knew  just   quite   what    the    term    meant,  but  since  I 


22  FOURTH  OF  JULY  ORATION. 

am  an  Anglo-Saxon,  I  can  define  it  now.  I  am 
half -Dutch  and  half -Irish." 

I  recognize  and  award  to  the  English  strain,  to  the 
Puritan  and  Cavalier,  their  honest  portion  of  credit  for 
the  realization  in  fact  of  the  democratic  ideal. 
But  the  flat  truth  is  that,  of  the  blood  that  ran  in 
the  veins  of  the  one  million  people  who  made  up 
the  population  of  the  colonies  in  1776,  less  than  one- 
half  was  of  English  origin. 

I  wish  to  emphasize  and  promulgate  a  truth  which 
history  corroborates,  but  which  has  been  popularly 
ignored.  It  is  that  our  nation,  by  reason  of  its 
essential,  racial  extraction,  is  the  legatee  and  repository 
of  the  blood,  the  accumulated  wisdom,  the  ennobling 
traditions,  the  literary  and  artistic  ideals,  the  moral 
impulses,  of  no  one  people,  of  no  one  European 
family,  but  of  all  the  great  tribal  generations, 
Aryan  and  Semitic,  which  have  left  their  impress 
upon  the  records  of  time.  And  I  desire  to  lay  stress 
upon  the  fact  that  this  was  true  from  the  beginning. 
The  debt  we  owe,  racially  and  industrially,  to 
the  myriads  of  European  pilgrims  who  have 
elected  America  as  their  foster-mother  from  the  time 
of  the  Declaration  of  Independence  up  to  the 
present  hour,  has  been  recognized  because  it  is  com- 
paratively recent  history.  But  the  basic  and  funda- 
mental race-elements  upon  which  the  structure  of  our 
liberties  was  first  reared  were  in  no  wise  different 
from    those    which   have    contributed    to    its   mainte- 


FOURTH  OF  JULY  ORATION.  23 

nance  and  its  extension  in  these  later  dsiys. 
Glorious,  indeed,  is  the  privilege  of  American  citi- 
zenship ;  not  because  we  have  developed  here  an 
ideal  state, —  as  yet,  that  is  only  in  the  making ; 
not  because  we  have  achieved  a  measure  of  material 
success  superior  to  that  of  our  sister  nations ; 
not  because  our  political  institutions  better  embody 
the  will  of  the  community  than  any  yet  devised  by 
the  brain  of  man :  but  because  we  are  the  heirs  of 
all  the  ages;  because  the  Frithiof's  Saga,  the  Niebe- 
lungenlied,  the  Cid,  the  Chanson  of  Roland,  the 
Divine  Tragedy  of  Dante,  the  Lusiad  of  Camoens, 
the  Ossianic  Legends,  the  folk-lore  of  Deirdre  and  the 
Fenians  belong  to  us  intimately,  essentially,  no  less 
than  the  Arthurian  epics,  Magna  Charta,  Shake- 
speare, Milton,  Bacon,  Keats  and  Kipling.  Well, 
indeed,  may  we  quote  St.  Paul :  "  We  are  the 
citizens  of  no  mean  city !  "  In  a  sense  far  removed 
from  that  of  the  travelled  dilletante's  boast,  may  we 
announce  that  we  are  citizens  of  the  world. 

NEW    WORLD   IDEALISM. 

But  nobility  has  its  obligations.  It  behooves  us 
who  take  from  mankind  so  great  a  patrimony,  to 
give  back  to  humanity  a  notable  increase.  It  has 
been  charged  that  we,  as  a  nation,  are  lacking  in 
idealism.  We  have  been  accused  of  a  gross  devotion 
to  material  and  commercial  progress.  Our  critics  are 
in  error.      They  have    mistaken    success    in    material 


24  FOUKTH  OF  JULY  ORATION. 

achievement  for  the  denial  of  ideals.  They  ignore 
the  eternal  drama,  the  inextinguishable  conflict  be- 
tween man  and  material  nature.  They  forget  that 
the  conquest  by  man  over  matter  is,  in  its  essence,  an 
expression  of  the  spiritual  striving  of  the  race.  Men 
live  their  poems  before  they  write  them.  The  heroism 
of  the  Siege  of  Troy  preceded  the  Iliad  of  Homer, 
as  the  epic  voyage  of  Columbus,  the  titanic  victories 
of  Grrant,  the  Nestor-like  statesmanship  of  Washington 
and  the  sacrificial  toil  of  Lincoln  precede  their  per- 
petuation in  poetry  and  bronze.  It  is  a  significant 
development  that  the  soul  of  the  American  people, 
which  has  taken  on  its  characteristics  through 
the  fraternal  blending  of  the  peoples,  has  found 
its  most  significant  expression  in  the  inventions 
which  have  facilitated  communication  between  man 
and  man.  The  steamboat,  the  railroad,  the  telegraph, 
the  telephone,  the  Panama  Canal,  these  are  not  merely 
material  triumphs.  They  are  proofs,  as  well,  that  we 
have  preserved  the  faculty  of  dreaming  grandly  be- 
queathed to  us  by  Columbus  and  the  countless  millions 
of  heroic  Europeans  who  risked  the  perils  of  the 
Atlantic  to  reach  our  sheltering  shores.  The  Ameri- 
can is  an  idealist  by  temperament,  by  spiritual  and 
racial  inheritance. 

THE     CASTE     OF     THE    DOLLAR, 

The  commercial  strife  which  deforms  our  community 
life    is    not    peculiar    to    American    institutions.       It 


FOUKTH  OF  JULY  ORATION.  25 

has  been  handed  down  to  us  through  the  ages.  The 
fact  that,  in  the  internecine  warfare  of  trade,  the 
American  is  pre-eminent  by  reason  of  his  alertness, 
his  energy,  his  constructive  imagination,  is  due 
to  the  superiority  of  his  racial  type,  and  this  supe- 
riority gives  promise  for  the  future  of  the  land. 
It  augurs  moral  and  intellectual  capacity  to  reform. 
For  our  nation,  founded,  as  it  is,  upon  the  principle 
of  fraternity,  saturated,  as  it  is,  with  the  solvent  of 
sympathy,  freed,  as  it  is,  from  the  trammels  of  racial 
caste,  of  religious  proscription,  of  political  despotism, 
is  bound  to  overcome,  through  the  forces  of 
altruistic  public  opinion,  the  evils  which  now 
make  for  inequality  in  our  economic  and  indus- 
trial life.  We  have  seen  that  democracy,  which 
mingles  racially  the  blood  of  the  people,  has 
produced,  as  one  of  the  fruits  of  fraternity,  popu- 
lar political  institutions.  We  have  seen  that  it  has 
levelled  the  walls  of  prejudice  which  divided  religious 
sects  and  arrayed  them  against  each  other.  Here  in 
America  the  orthodox  and  the  heretic,  Jew  and  Gen- 
tile, worship  in  freedom  of  conscience  with  none  of 
the  rancorous  bitterness  which  characterized  the  older 
peoples  who  flayed  each  other  for  the  love  of 
God.  Racial  freedom,  political  freedom,  religious 
freedom !  These  we  have  realized  in  fact.  Tell 
me,  my  friends,  are  not  these  achievements 
an  augury  and  a  pledge  that  industrial  and 
economic   freedom    shall  yet   be  attained  by  us  ?     Of 


26  FOURTH  OF  JULY  ORATION. 

the  four  great  evils  of  the  caste  system,  we  have 
abolished  three.  There  yet  remains  only  the  caste 
of  the  dollar,  the  aristocracy  of  ill-gotten  wealth,  the 
special  privilege  which  has  succeeded  to  the  divine 
right  of  kings,  the  prerogative  of  profit,  unjustly 
wrung  from  the  toiler,  now  in  defiance  of  law,  now 
under  the  forms  of  law,  but  always  by  force  or  its 
equivalent,  fraud. 

The  promise  of  our  victory  over  the  inequalities 
which  now  permit  the  exploitation  of  the  many 
by  the  few  in  the  production  and  distribution  of 
wealth  is  contained  in  the  splendid  history  of  our 
past.  In  the  olden  days,  the  most  profitable 
and  privileged  business  upon  earth  was  the  gov- 
erning business.  It  was  controlled  always  by  a 
close  corporation,  usually  a  family  which  assumed  to 
hand  down  its  kingship  from  father  to  son.  Our 
first,  great,  economic  advance  was  made  when  the 
people  of  our  thirteen  colonies  took  over  by  public 
ownership  this  government  monopoly.  The  con- 
servatives, the  capitalistic  class  of  the  days  of  1776, 
were  shocked  and  pained  by  the  radicalism  of 
Washington  and  Jefferson  and  Hancock,  Adams  and 
Otis,  They  recognized  in  the  public  ownership  of 
the  business  of  government  a  menace  to  all  privi- 
lege and  monopoly.  Twelve  hundred  of  these  dis- 
tinguished gentlemen,  the  cultured  and  luxurious  and 
conservative  element  of  the  day,  sailed  away  with 
General  Gage  when  his  troops  evacuated  Boston  and 


FOURTH  OF  JULY  ORATION.  27 

established  themselves  in  New  Brunswick  and  Nova 
Scotia  rather  than  endure  the  agony  of  living  under 
free  political  institutions.  Twelve  thousand  loyalists 
of  the  same  type  left  New  York  for  the  same  reason  ; 
so  that  the  hostility  of  the  privileged  to  the  abolition 
of  privilege  is  no  new  thing.  The  very  descendants 
of  the  patriot  radicals  of  the  Revolution,  nearly  one 
hundred  years  later,  here  among  the  conservative 
copperheads  of  New  York  and  Boston,  and  throughout 
the  Southern  states,  were  strenuous  and  insistent 
advocates  of  the  privileges  of  the  slaveholder,  and 
contended  for  the  dissolution  of  our  Union. 

Always,  let  it  be  observed,  that  the  man  who  fights 
for  class  and  privilege  insists  upon  the  supremacy  of 
the  individual  or  the  caste.  Always,  let  it  be  observed, 
the  forces  that  fight  for  democracj^  stand  for  the 
greatest  good  of  the  greatest  number,  for  the  prin- 
ciple of  fraternity  and  fusion,  as  against  disintegra- 
tion and  disunion. 

We  are  on  the  eve  of  a  new  revolution.  The 
issue  lies  with  us.  Young  men,  it  is  you  who  are 
to  determine  the  destiny  of  our  American  state. 
Choose !  Choose  now,  before  your  straightforward, 
unbiased  judgment  is  warped  by  the  ties  of  interest 
and  selfish  advantage.  Youth  is  divine,  because  it  is 
fresh  from  God ;  because,  as  yet,  the  soiling  impress 
of  the  world  has  not  marred  its  pristine  innocence, 
sincerity  and  truth.  Will  you  ally  yourselves,  in 
the  strife  which  you  cannot   escape,  with  the  forces 


28  FOURTH  OF  JULY  OEATION. 

which  make  for  the  cementing  and  upbuilding  of 
society,  or  with  the  ranks  of  those  who  teach  that 
each  man's  hand  is  foreordained  to  be  lifted  against 
his  fellow,  that  the  human  race  is  incapable  of  per- 
fection, of  betterment,  even;  that  the  law  of  God 
and  man,  immutable,  eternal,  is :  "  He  shall  take 
who  has  the  power,  and  he  may  keep  who  can ! " 

I  ask  you  to  elect  here  and  now,  in  Faneuil  Hall, 
because  I  feel  that  this  symbolic  spot,  glorified  by  the 
sacrifices  of  the  fathers  who  gave  their  blood  to  see 
to  it  that  the  monopolistic  trust  of  government  should 
not  wring  an  unjust  profit  from  the  people,  is  a  fit- 
ting sanctuary  for  your  spiritual  enlightenment.  The 
question  which  you  shall  have  to  decide  is  whether 
the  commercial  caste  shall  be  permitted  to  emulate 
the  government  trust  of  King  George.  It  is  but  one 
of  many  problems  which  America  is  bound  to  solve, 
but  it  is  the  chief  and  most  important  of  them  all. 
To  each  such  problem,  apply  the  crucial,  vital  test : 
"  On  which  side  lies  the  advantage  of  the  special 
privilege  that  is  the  essence  of  caste  ?  On  which  side 
stand  the  interests  of  the  brotherhood  of  man?" 

SOLICIT    IMMIGRATION. 

Admonished  by  the  lessons  of  the  past,  it  is  our 
privilege  to  increase  the  efficiency  of  the  race  by 
encouraging,  stimulating  and  welcoming  European 
immigration  to  our  shores.  The  Finn,  the  Bohe- 
mian, the   Italian,  the  Greek,  the   Russian,  the  Pole, 


FOUKTH  OF  JULY  ORATION.  29 

the  Israelite,  the  Magyar,  —  Latin,  Teuton,  Kelt  and 
Slav,  we  need  them  all.  The  wisdom  of  our  states- 
men will  find  the  true  policy  to  be  not  the 
exclusion  of  immigration,  but  the  maintenance  in 
Europe  of  national  agents  who  shall  solicit  and 
organize  as  great  an  exodus  as  possible  to  these 
American  shores.  Thus  shall  our  life  stream  be 
ever  varied  and  strengthened ;  thus  shall  we  escape 
forever  the  curse  of  racial  caste. 

THE  DISEASE   OF  DIVORCE. 

We  have  seen  that,  as  "  the  proper  study  of 
mankind  is  man,"  so,  in  the  upbuilding  of  society, 
the  proper  function  of  humanity  is  to  perpetuate, 
purify  and  ennoble  human  life.  This  means 
inevitably  the  conservation  of  the  family.  The 
family  is  the  prop  and  pillar  of  all  constituted 
order,  the  shrine  of  morality,  the  nursery  of  achieve- 
ment, the  bulwark  of  the  nation.  The  clan  is  but  a 
wider  family ;  the  nation,  a  more  comprehensive 
clan.  The  first  postulate  of  freedom  is  the  freedom 
to  form  a  family,  to  marry  and  give  in  marriage,  to 
educate  offspring  in  the  family  ideals.  Woe  to  the 
people  that  permits  the  pollution  of  the  family 
hearth.  There  is  a  canker  that  is  eating  to-day  into 
the  heart  of  American  society.  It  is  the  disease, 
divorce.  Its  remedy,  rather  its  abolition,  is  your 
function  and  your  privilege.  Divorce  is  a  modern 
form  of  the  debauchery  which  undermined  the  Pagan 


30  FOURTH  OF  JULY  ORATION. 

nations  of  antiquity.  It  reduces  the  marital  relation 
to  the  animal  level.  It  sins  against  the  spirit  of 
fraternity,  because  it  exempts  man  and  woman  from 
the  obligations  of  self-respect,  of  reciprocal  duty  and 
of  responsibility  to  the  offspring  upon  whose  up- 
bringing and  culture  the  future  of  the  race  depends. 

MURDER  BY   THE  STATE. 

Respect  for  race  depends  upon  respect  for  life. 
Life  is  sacred  because  it  is  of  God.  Wendell  Phillips 
said  that  the  worst  use  which  can  be  made  of  a 
man  is  to  hang  him.  There  is  a  consequence  of 
legal  murder  worse  even  than  the  loss  of  the  indi- 
vidual life.  It  is  the  degenerating  influence  which, 
by  the  law  of  suggestion,  is  inflicted  upon  the  com- 
munity when  a  human  being  is  killed  by  the  State. 
Once  the  pickpocket  was  hanged,  drawn  and  quar- 
tered, and  gibbeted  in  chains  upon  the  roadside,  that 
the  grisly  horror  of  it  might  chill  the  blood  of  men, 
his  fellows,  his  brothers,  as  they  passed  beneath  the 
creaking  corpse.  To-day,  we  have  progressed  to  that 
point  where  we  realize  that  there  is  a  suggestion  of 
slaughter,  more  powerful  than  that  of  terror,  in  such 
a  violation  of  the  decencies  of  life,  and,  lest  murder 
by  the  state  should  stimulate  murder  by  the  indi- 
vidual, we  lock  the  executioner  and  his  victim  away 
from  the  public  sight  and  the  public  ear.  Let  us 
pray  that  to-morrow  we  shall  have  abolished,  not 
alone  the  visual  example,  but  the  horror  of  the  fact. 


FOURTH  OF  JULY  ORATION.  31 

Let  us  pray  that  both  state  and  nation  may  soon  be 
purged  of  the  blood-guilt  of  capital  punishment. 

RELIGIOUS   EDUCATION. 

Life,  developed  and  refined  by  racial  democracy, 
made  comfortable  by  economic  democracy,  broadened 
and  heightened  by  the  liberty  of  democratic  political 
institutions,  protected  and  fostered  by  democratic 
freedom  of  worship,  still,  rests  and  must  ever  rest 
for  its  moral  growth  upon  the  principles  of  relig- 
ious belief.  It  is  the  duty  of  the  state  to  see  to 
it  that  those  principles,  subject  to  the  choice  and 
guidance  of  parents,  shall  be  inculcated  into  the 
minds  of  the  school-children  in  whom  lies  the  hope 
and  future  of  the  state.  It  is  the  duty  of  every 
religious  body  that  has  faith  in  the  validity  of  its 
message  to  mankind  to  insist  on  the  religious 
education  of  its  youth.  The  means,  the  method, 
are  proper  subjects  for  deliberation  and  debate,  but 
the  principle  itself  cannot  be  gainsaid. 

THE  PATERNALISM  OF  THE  TRUST. 

In  the  establishment  and  enforcement  of  reform, 
we  must  continually  beware  of  the  subterfuges  and 
machinations  of  the  upholders  of  caste.  They  have 
learned  well  the  lesson  which  the  olden  Latins 
expressed  by  the  adage,  '"  Divide  et  impera."  They 
are  able  to  conquer  while  they  are  able  to  divide. 
Under  the  specious  plea   of  individual   freedom    they 


32  FOUKTH  OF  JULY  OKATION. 

mask  the  purpose  of  enslaving  the  community. 
But  a  conspicuous  feature  of  the  success  which  the 
captains  of  industry  achieve  is  their  abihty  to  co-ordi- 
nate and  organize  their  milhons  of  wage-men  into 
a  coherent,  effective,  industrial  whole.  Suspect  the 
capitalist  who  relies  on  national  and  even  world- 
wide organization  to  achieve  his  selfish,  industrial 
and  commercial  success,  while  he  warns  you,  the 
voter,  to  avoid  national  organization  in  your  aspi- 
ration for  the  best  political  and  economic  results. 
The  centralization  which  is  inevitable  in  modern 
industry  must  be  just  as  inevitable  in  political  organ- 
ization, if  we  are  to  control  the  paternalism  of  the 
trusts  and  syndicates.  But  if  we  of  the  city  can  be 
taught  to  fear  our  fellows  of  the  state,  if  the  state 
can  be  taught  to  fear  the  nation,  then,  indeed,  are 
we  a  house  divided  against  itself;  then,  indeed,  have 
we  missed  the  strength  that  lies  in  union ;  then, 
indeed,  shall  we  fall  a  ready  prey  to  exploitation  by 
the  capitalistic  enemies  of  society. 

We  have  made  strides.  The  shibboleth  of  home 
rule  did  not  prevent  a  President  of  the  United  States 
from  compelling  the  feudal  barons  of  Pennsylvania  to 
deliver  coal  to  the  people.  The  spectre  of  the  divine 
right  of  competition  will  not  prevent  the  American 
people  from  controlling  the  public  highways  which 
modernity  now  describes  as  railroads  and  railways. 
Remark  the  fact,  for  it  is  significant,  that  already 
the  nation  is  undertaking  to  fix  railway  rates.     True, 


FOURTH  OF  JULY  ORATION.  33 

the  measure  is  but  a  make-shift,  a  groping,  blind 
and  feeble,  after  righteousness ;  but  it  is  evident 
that,  in  the  words  of  our  Boston  poet,  James  Jeffrey 

Roche, 

"  The  giant  is  blind,  but  thinking, 
And  his  locks  are  growing  fast." 

Clearly  our  American  Samson  is  wide-awake  at 
last.  At  least,  the  principle  is  recognized  that  the 
profit-seeking  pedler  of  the  products  of  labor  is  not 
exempt  from  all  obligation  to  his  fellow-man.  The 
theory  which  has  been  the  well-spring  of  the  evils 
of  commercialism,  namely,  that  every  man  is  en- 
titled to  exact  his  price  and  that  the  consumer  may 
choose  between  paying  and  starving,  bids  fair  to  be 
relegated  to  the  limbo  of  the  divine  right  of  kings. 
It  is  enough  for  the  hour  that  the  American  people 
are  aroused  to  the  necessity  of  remedying  the  evils 
which  flow  from  that  world-old  crime,  the  spoiling 
of  the  toiler. 

THE  FEDERATED   BLOOD-STRAINS. 

Ours  is  the  race  which,  by  reason  of  its  heredity  and 
ideals,  is  best  equipped  to  lead  humanity  to  the 
truth.  The  American  people  succeed  to  the  privi- 
leges of  chivalry.  They  are  dauntless.  They  are 
dreamers.  They  have  in  a  higher  degree  than 
any  race  on  earth  the  instinct  of  comradery,  the 
saving  grace  of  the  fraternal  sense.  Fused  in  the 
schools,    the    shops,    the     factories    and     the    fields, 


34  FOURTH  OF  JULY  ORATION. 

where  the  Latin,  the  Teuton,  the  Slav,  the  Kelt, 
each,  in  turn,  gives  to  and  receives  from  his  fellow, 
consciously  or  unconsciously,  something  of  his  native 
power,  they  have  developed  an  alertness,  an  energy, 
a  sympathy,  which  stamps  them  at  sight.  This  is 
recognizable  the  wide  world  over.  On  the  shores 
of  Manila  bay,  in  camp  and  on  the  march,  I  have 
watched  the  volunteers  from  Dakota,  Idaho,  Montana, 
Minnesota,  California.  One  thing  forever  struck  me, 
the  unity  of  type.  And  this,  too,  when  the  racial 
blend  had  not  been  perfected,  except  in  its  mental,  or 
social,  aspects.  The  blue-eyed  boys  of  Minnesota, 
yellow-haired  giants  that  showed  their  Viking  ancestry 
in  their  candid  faces  and  their  mighty  limbs ;  swarthy 
Calif ornians  of  Spanish  stock;  sturdy  descendants  of 
the  German  strain  from  the  broad  Dakota  prairies; 
the  regulars  of  the  Fourteenth  Infantry,  recruited 
from  the  Saxon,  the  Irish  and  Italian  race-elements 
in  the  cities  of  our  southern  and  eastern  seaboard  — 
all  were  splendidly  alike  in  gait  and  bearing,  in 
initiative,  in  dash,  in  self-reliance,  in  fortitude.  The 
ennobling  spirit  of  American  fraternity  clothed  them 
with  a  common  atmosphere,  as  with  a  garment. 
They  were  unmistakably,  distinctively,  American. 

To  the  making  of  heroes  Hke  these,  perforce, 
Humanity's  federate  blood-strains  have  gone ; 
But,  Keltic  or  Saxon,  Teuton  or  Norse, 
Latin  or  Slav,  they  are  Yankees  of  course, 
For  Freedom  has  fused  them  in  one. 


FOURTH  OF  JULY  ORATION.  35 

By  such  men  were  the  battles  of  the  Revolution 
won ;  and,  within  the  memory  of  the  living,  the 
greatest  war  of  history  was  waged  by  a  kindred 
type  for  no  less  a  purpose  than  the  continued 
solidarity  and  union  of  this  American  race.  In 
civic  virtue,  as  in  military  valor,  the  blended  blood- 
strain  stands  the  test.  The  racial  fusion  that  gave  to 
us  Warren,  Sullivan,  Steuben  and  fighting  Jack  Barry 
of  the  days  of  '76,  that  gave  to  us  in  '61  Grant, 
Sheridan,  Rosecrans  and  Meagher,  was  the  same  that 
produced  an  Adams,  a  Faneuil,  a  Jay,  a  Carroll, 
a  Patrick  Henry ;  the  same  that  endowed  the  nation, 
in  the  black  days  of  the  Rebellion,  with  the  genius  of 
Lincoln,  Stanton  and  Blaine. 

It  still  brews  for  us  the  strenuous  type  of  public 
servant.  To-day  the  nation  has  her  Roosevelt,  Wis- 
consin, her  LaFollette,  Boston,  her  Fitzgerald,  and 
Massachusetts  has  John  B.  Moran. 

THE    QUEST   OF   THE   IDEAL. 

Shall  we  despair  of  the  ideal  of  Columbus?  In 
the  eternal  struggle  between  right  and  wrong,  shall 
we  give  ground  in  craven  retreat  before  the  hosts  of 
error?  Not  so.  The  woman  of  the  Scriptures  be- 
wailed her  loss  for  that  "  they  had  taken  her  Lord 
away  and  she  knew  not  where  they  had  laid  him." 
Hers  is  the  cry  of  suffering  humanity  the  world  over. 
Wherever  the  forces  of  evil,  the  votaries  of  caste, 
the  enemies    of    fraternity,  sin    against    our  common 


36  FOUKTH  OF   JULY   OKATlOl!^. 

human  brotherhood,  there,  indeed,  have  they  laid  our 
Lord  away ;  there,  indeed,  have  they  walled  within  the 
tomb  the  vision  of  the  truth  and  love  that  make  us  free. 
We  are  enrolled  in  the  ranks  of  the  crusade  Colum- 
bus hoped  to  lead.  We  are  embarked.  We  are 
confronted  with  the  mystery  of  the  universe  and  the 
dark  that  veils  the  voyage  of  the  human  soul.  We 
challenge  the  Unknown.  Watch !  We  outride  the 
tempest.  Mark !  We  have  spanned  the  seas.  We 
are  making  land  at  last.  Yonder,  yearning  under 
the  sunlight,  lie  the  fabled  riches  of  the  Indies  and 
Cathay.  Utopia  is  there,  and  Eldorado,  the  Golden 
Age  and  the  Paradise  we  lost.  Reverently  uplifted, 
we  bear  the  cross,  ready  for  its  planting  on  the 
promised  land,  the  blessed  cross,  symbol  of  sacrifice, 
pledge  of  fraternity.  We  touch  the  long-sought 
shore.  We  land.  Upheld  by  the  serene  faith  of 
Columbus,  fortified  by  the  world-soul  which  is  our 
blood-inheritance,  we  win  the  ideal  goal.  Who, 
now,  shall  deny  us?  Who  dares  to  say  that  we 
shall  not  yet  gain  and  redeem  the  sepulchre  of 
Christ  ? 


A    LIST 


BOSTON   MUNICIPAL  ORATORS. 


By    C,   W.    ERNST, 


BOSTON     ORATORS 

Appointed  by  the  Municipal  Authorities. 


For  the  Anniversary  of  the  Boston  Massacre,  March  5,  1770. 

Note.  —  The  Fifth-of-March  orations  were  published  in  handsome  quarto  editions, 
now  very  scarce ;  also  collected  in  book  form  in  1785,  and  again  in  1807.  The  oration 
of  1776  was  delivered  in  Watertown. 

1771.  —  LovELL,  James. 

1772.  — Warren,  Joseph.^ 

1773.  —  Church,  Benjamin.^ 

1774.  —  Hancock,  John.*^ 
1775. — Warren,  Joseph. 

1776.  — Thacher,  Peter. 

1777.  —  Highborn,  Benjamin. 

1778.  — Austin,  Jonathan  Williams. 

1779.  —  Tudor,  William. 
1780. — Mason,  Jonathan,  Jun. 
1781. — Dawes,  Thomas,  Jun. 

1782.  — MiNOT,  George  Richards. 

1783.  —Welsh,  Thomas. 


!For  the  Aniiiversary  of  National  Independence,  July  4,  1776. 

Note.  —  A  collected  edition,  or  a  full  collection,  of  these  orations  has  not  been 
made.  For  the  names  of  the  orators,  as  officially  printed  on  the  ti'tle  pages  of  the 
orations,  see  the  Municipal  Register  of  1890. 

1783.  —  Warren,  John.^ 
1784. — Highborn,  Benjamin. 
1785.  —  Gardner,  John. 

a  Reprinted  in  Newport,  R.I.,  1774,  8vo.,  19  pp. 

b  A  third  edition  was  published  in  1773. 

1  Reprinted  in  Warren's  Life.  The  orations  of  1783  to  1786  were  published  in  largo 
quarto  ;  the  oration  of  1787  appeared  in  octavo ;  the  oration  of  1788  was  printed  in  small 
quarto ;  all  succeeding  orations  appeared  in  octavo,  with  the  exceptions  stated  ujider 
1SB3  and  1876. 


40  APPENDIX. 

1786.  — Austin,  Jonathan  Loring. 

1787.  — Dawes,  Thomas,  Jun. 
1788. — Otis,  Harrison  Gray. 

1789.  —  Stillman,  Samuel. 

1790.  — Gray,  Edward. 

1791.  —  Crafts,  Thomas,  Jun. 
1792. — Blake,  Joseph,  Jun.^ 
1793. — Adams,  John  Quincy." 
1794.  — Phillips,  John. 
1795. — Blake,  George. 

1796.  —  Lathrop,  John,  Jun. 

1797.  —  Callender,  John. 

1798. QuiNCY,  JOSIAH.^  ^ 

1799.  — Lowell,  John,  Jun.^ 
1800. — Hall,  Joseph. 

1801.  —  Paine,  Charles. 

1802.  — Emerson,  William. 

1803.  —  Sullivan,  William. 
1804. — Danforth,  Thomas.^ 

1805.  —  Button,  Warren. 

1806.  —  Channing,  Francis  Dana.* 

1807.  —  Thacher,  Peter.2'  ^ 

1808.  — Ritchie,  Andrew,  Jun.^ 

1809.  — Tudor,  William,  Jun.^ 
1810. — TowNSEND,  Alexander. 

1811.  —  Savage,  James. '^ 

1812.  —  Pollard,  Benjamin.* 

1813.  — Livermore,  Edward  St.  Loe. 


'Passed  to  a  second  edition. 

'  Delivered  another  oration  in  1826.  Quincy's  oration  of  1798  was  reprinted,  also, 
in  Philadelphia. 

*  Not  printed. 

"On  February  26,  1811,  Peter  Thacher's  name  was  changed  to  Peter  Oxenbridge 
Thacher.  (List  of  Persons  whose  Names  have  been  Changed  in  Massachusetts,  1780- 
1892,  p.  21.) 


APPENDIX.  41 

1814.  —  Whit  WELL ,  Benjamin  . 
1815. — Shaw,  Leis^uel. 

1816.  —  Sullivan,  George.^ 

1817.  —  Channing,  Edward  Tyrrel. 

1818.  —  Gray,  Francis  Galley. 
1819. — Dexter,  Franklin. 
1820.  —  Lyman,  Theodore,  Jun. 
1821. — LoRiNG,  Charles  Greely.^ 

1822.  —  Gray,  John  Chipman. 

1823.  —  Curtis,  Charles    Pelham.'' 

1824.  —  Bassett,  Francis. 

1825.  —  Sprague,    Charles." 

1826.  —  QuiNCY,  Josiah.'' 

1827. — Mason,  William  Powell. 

1828.  —  Sumner,  Bradford. 

1829.  — Austin,  James  Trecothick. 

1830.  —  Everett,  Alexander  Hill. 

1831.  —  Palfrey,  John  Gorham. 

1832.  — QuiNCY,  JosiAH,  Jun. 

1833.  — Prescott,  Edward  Goldsborough. 

1834.  —  Fay,  Richard  Sullivan. 
1835. — HiLLARD,  George  Stillman. 

1836.  —  Kinsman,  Henry  Willis. 

1837.  —  Chapman,  Jonathan. 

1838. — WiNSLOw,  Hubbard.  "The  Means  of  the  Per- 
petuity and  Prosperity  of  our  Republic." 

1839. — Austin,  Ivers  James. 

1840. — Power,  Thomas. 

1841.  — Curtis,  George  Ticknor.®  "The  True  Uses  of 
American  Revolutionary  History. "^ 

1842. — Mann,  Horace.^ 

s  Six  editions  up  to  1831.    Reprinted  also  in  liis  Life  and  Letters, 

"<  Reprinted  in  his  Municipal  History  of  Boston.    See  1798. 

*  Delivered  another  oration  in  1862. 

"There  are  five  or  more  editions;  only  one  by  the  City. 


42  APPENDIX. 

1843. — Adams,  Chakles  Francis. 

1844.  —  Chandler,  Peleg  "Whitman.     "The  Morals  of 

Freedom." 

1845.  —  Sumner,  Charles. ■^°     "The  True    Grandeur   of 

Nations." 

1846. — Webster,   Fletcher. 

1847. — Cary,  Thomas  Greaves. 

1848.  — Giles,  Joel.     "  Practical  Liberty. " 

1849. — Greenough,  William  Whitwell.  "The  Con- 
quering Republic." 

1850.^ — ^ Whipple,  Edwin  Percy."  "Washington  and 
the  Principles  of  the  Revolution." 

1851. — Russell,  Charles  Theodore. 

1852. — King,  Thomas  Starr. ^^  "The  Organization  of 
Liberty  on  the  Western  Continent.  "^^ 

1853. — BiGELOw,  Timothy. ^^ 

1854.  —  Stone,    Andrew    Leete.^     "The    Struggles    of 

American  History." 
1855. — Miner,  Alonzo  Ames. 
1856.  —  Parker,    Edward    Griffin.      "The  Lesson    of 

'76  to  the  Men  of  '56." 
1857. — Alger,  William  Rodnseville."     "  The  Genius 

and  Posture  of  America." 

1858.  — Holmes,  John  Somers.^ 

1859.  —  Sumner,  George. ^^ 
1860.^ — Everett,  Edward. 

1861.  —  Parsons,  Theophilus. 

1862.  —  Curtis,  George  Ticknor.® 
1863. — Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell.^® 
1864. — Russell,  Thomas. 

10  Passed  through  three  editions  in  Boston  and  one  in  London,  and  was  answered 
In  a  pamphlet,  Remarks  upon  an  Oration  delivered  by  Charles  Sumner  ....  July 
4th,  1845.  By  a  Citizen  of  Boston.  See  Memoir  and  Letters  of  Cbarles  Sumner,  by 
Edward  L.  Pierce,  vol.  ii.  337-384. 

"  There  is  a  second  edition.     (Boston :  Ticknor,  Reed  &  Fields.    1850.    49  pp.  1-2°.) 

12  First  published  by  the  City  in  1S92. 

IS  This  and  a  number  of  the  succeeding  orations,  up  to  1861,  contain  the  speeches, 
toasts,  etc.,  of  the  City  dinner  usuaUy  given  in  Faneuil  Hall  on  the  Fourth  of  July. 


APPENDIX.  43 

1865. — Manning,  Jacob  Merrill.  "Peace  under 
Liberty.'"* 

1866.  —  LoTHROP,  Samuel  Kirkland. 

1867.  —  Hepworth,  Gteorge  Hughes. 

1868.— Eliot,  Samuel.     "  The  Functions  of  a  City." 
1869. — Morton,  Ellis  Wesley. 
1870. — Everett,  William. 
1871. — Sargent,  Horace  Binney. 
1872.  — Adams,  Charles  Francis,  Jun. 
1873. — Ware,  John  Fothergill  Waterhousb. 
1874. — Frothingham,  Richard. 

1875. — Clarke,  James  Freeman.  "  Worth  of  Republi- 
can Institutions." 

1876.  —  WiNTHROP,  Robert  Charles. ^'^ 

1877.  —  Warren,  William  Wirt. 

1878.  —  Healy,  Joseph. 
1879. — Lodge,  Henry  Cabot. 
1880, — Smith,  Robert  Dickson. ^^ 

1881.  —  Warren,  George  Washington.  "  Our  Repub- 
lic— Liberty  and  Equality  Founded  on  Law." 

1882. — Long,  John  Davis. 

1883. — Carpenter,     Henry     Bernard.  "American 

Character  and  Influence." 

1884.  —  Shepard,  Harvey  Newton. 

1885. — Gargan,   Thomas  John. 

"  Probably  fonr  editions  were  printed  In  1857.  (Boston :  Office  Boston  Daily  Bee. 
60  pp.)  Not  until  November  22, 1864,  was  Mr.  Alger  asked  by  the  City  to  furnish  a 
copy  for  publication.  He  granted  the  request,  and  the  first  official  edition  (J.  E.  Far- 
well  &  Co.,  1864, 53  pp.)  was  then  issued.  It  lacks  the  Interesting  preface  and  appendix 
of  the  early  editions. 

1° There  is  another  edition.  (Boston:  Ticknor  &  Fields,  1859,  69  pp.)  A  third 
(Boston:  Rockwell  &  Churchill,  1882,  46  pp.)  omits  the  dinner  at  Faneuil  Hall,  the 
correspondence  and  events  of  the  celebration. 

18  There  is  a  preliminary  edition  of  twelve  copies.  (J.  E.  Farwell  &  Co.,  1863.  (7), 
71  pp.)  It  is  "  the  first  draft  of  the  author's  address,  turned  into  larger,  legible  type, 
for  the  sole  purpose  of  rendering  easier  its  public  delivery."  It  was  done  by  "  the 
liberality  of  the  City  Authorities,"  and  is,  typographically,  the  handsomest  of  these 
orations.  This  resulted  in  the  large-paper  75-page  edition,  printed  from  the  same 
type  as  the  71-page  edition,  but  modified  by  the  author.  It  is  printed  "  by  order  of  the 
Common  Council."    The  regular  edition  is  in  60  pp.,  octavo  size. 


44  APPENDIX. 

1886. — Williams,  George  Frederick. 
1887. — Fitzgerald,  John  Edward. 
1888. — DiLLAWAT,  William  Edward  Lovell. 
1889.  —  Swift,  John  Lindsay. ^^     "The  American   Citi- 
zen," 
1890. — PiLLSBURT,  Albert  Enoch.     "  Public  Spirit.  " 

1891.  — QuiNCY,  JosiAH.2°     "The  Coming  Peace," 

1892.  —  Murphy,  John  Robert. 

1893.  —  Putnam,  Henry  Ware.     "The  Mission  of   Our 

People." 

1894.  —  O'Neil,  Joseph  Henry. 

1895. — Berle,  Adolph  Augustus.  "The  Constitution 
and  the  Citizen." 

1896. — Fitzgerald,  John  Francis. 

1897. — Hale,  Edward  Everett.  "The  Contribution  of 
Boston  to  American  Independence." 

1898. — O'Callaghan,  Rev.  Denis. 

1899. — Matthews,  Nathan,  Jr.  "Be  Not  Afraid  of 
Grreatness." 

1900. — O'Meara,  Stephen.  "Progress  through  Con- 
flict." 

1901.  —  Guild,  Curtis,  Jr.     "Supremacy  and  its  Con- 

ditions." 

1902.  —  CoNRY,  Joseph  A. 

1903. — Mead,  Edwin  D.  "The  Principles  of  the 
Founders." 

1904.  —  Sullivan,  John  A.  "Boston's  Past  and  Pres- 
ent.    What  Will  Its  Future  Be  ?  " 

"  There  is  a  large  paper  edition  of  fifty  copies  printed  from  this  type,  and  also  an 
edition  from  the  press  of  John  Wilson  &  Son,  1876.    55  pp.  &>. 

"On  Samuel  Adams,  a  statue  of  whom,  by  Miss  Anne  Whitney,  had  just  been 
completed  for  the  City.    A  photograph  of  the  statue  is  added. 

19  Contains  a  bibliography  of  Boston  Fourth  of  July  orations,  from  1783  to  1889^ 
inclusive,  compiled  by  Lindsay  Swift,  of  the  Boston  Public  Library. 

^"Reprinted by  the  American  Peace  Society. 


APPENDIX.  45 

1905.  —  Colt,  Le  Baron  Bradford.  "America's  Solu- 
tion of  the  Problem  of  Government." 

1906. — Timothy  Wilfred  Coakley.  "The  American 
Race :  Its  Origin,  the  Fusion  of  Peoples ;  Its 
Aim,  Fraternity." 


